LESSON 3
GRAMMAR
PREPOSITIONS OF DIRECTION / PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE OR
LOCATION
- Preposition ��� �Ӻؾ������ʴ���������ѹ��ͧ�ӹ�� ����þ���
�Ѻ������ 㹻���¤
- Preposition of direction ��ͤӺؾ����������ͺ͡��ȷҧ ��
around from on through as
far as
in onto to
away from into
out (of) toward(s) down off
past
up
������ҧ
Jenny and I drove into downtown to shop last
weekend.
ਹ�����Щѹ�Ѻö�����㨡�ҧ���ͧ���ͫ��ͧ͢������ѹ��ش�ش�ѻ�������ҹ��
I
went from the restaurant to the drugstore.
�ѹ�͡仨ҡ�ѵ�Ҥ������价����ҹ�����
We
couldn�t walk past a store without stopping.
�ǡ����������ö�Թ��ҹ��ҹ�������ش��������
Jenny
rode up the escalator and went into the bank.
ਹ����鹺ѹ�����͹�������㹸�Ҥ��
- Preposition of place or location ��ͤӺؾ����������ͺ͡���˹�ʶҹ��� ��
at beside in
front of over above between
in next
to throughout among under behind
on underneath in back of below opposite on
top of
near inside outside
������ҧ
The commissary is next to the bank.
��ҹ��¢ͧ������Ѵ�ҡ��Ҥ��
The
menswear store is on the corner.
��ҹ�������ͼ�Ҽ��������ç������
There
is a car under the tree.
��ö¹��ѹ˹�觨ʹ����������
A
plane is flying above the cloud.
����ͧ�Թ��˹�觡��ѧ�Թ�����˹�͡�͹���
GRAMMAR EXERCISE
EXERCISE 1
Direction: Select the word that best
completes each sentence.
1. There was someone sitting ___________ every seat on the bus.
a. on b.
in c.
to d.
off
2. The dog ran ____________ the corner of the garage and disappeared.
a. inside b.
around c.
next to d.
beside
3. Put your shoes ____________ the closet.
a. toward b.
between c.
inside d.
around
4. Did you look ____________ the bed for your shoes?
a. under b.
toward c.
inside d.
down
5. Jim walked ____________ the candy store.
a. toward b.
between c.
within d.
off
6. Helen parked her car ___________ Jane�s car.
a. under b.
between c.
around d.
next to
7. Your office is ____________ Pam�s office and mine.
a. toward b.
around c.
between d.
inside
8. Come and sit ____________ me.
a. beside b.
past c.
between d.
to
9. She put her sneakers ____________ her chair.
a. between b.
over c.
beneath d.
to
10. The coffee is in the jar ____________ the fridge.
a. on top of b.
throughout c.
among d.
at
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SUFFIX _WARD
- ������ Suffix_ward ��ѧ�ӻ�������ҧ��駤ӹ�� ���ͤӺؾ�� ��������¹����繤Ӥس�Ѿ��
���ͤӡ��������ɳ� ������Ѻ�͡��ȷҧ
- ��ҡ����� Suffix_ward ����繤Ӥس�Ѿ�� ����ͧ��� �s ��ѧ����� �ward
������ҧ northward = toward the north
forward = toward the front
backward =
toward the back
- ��ҡ����� Suffix_ward ����繤ӡ��������ɳ� ��������������� �s ��ѧ����� �ward ����
������ҧ northward(s) = toward the north
forward(s) = toward the front
backward(s) =
toward the back
The wind is blowing from an eastward direction.
�����ѧ�Ѵ�ҷҧ��ȵ��ѹ�͡
To
move house requires forward planning.
������º�ҹ��ͧ��á���ҧἹ��ǧ˹��
He
leaned forward(s) to see better.
���͹���价ҧ��ҧ˹�������ͧ���Ѵਹ�ҡ���
The
balloon went upward(s).
�١����¢�鹢�ҧ��
That car
is moving forward(s) and backward(s).
ö¹��ѹ��鹡��ѧ����͹���仢�ҧ˹�Һ�ҧ价ҧ��ҧ��ѧ��ҧ
EXERCISE 2
Direction: Complete the sentences using the
following words.
northward(s) eastward(s) southward(s) westward(s) upward(s)
downward(s) forward(s) backward(s) southeastward(s)
1. Early Americans moved to a _____________
location. westward
2. Sonia moved _____________ from
3. The
4. We looked _____________ to see the top of
5. George almost fell
_____________ taking pictures at the
6. We drove ______________ from Supanburi
to Chonburi.
7. My family flew _____________ from
8. Press the botton
____________ to operate the machine.
9. Move the car seat ____________, please.
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SUFFIX _ERN
- ������ Suffix_ern ��ѧ�ӹ�� ��������¹����繤Ӥس�Ѿ��
������Ѻ���¤ӹ������͸Ժ����ǹ���������Ҥ�ͧ��鹷�� ���ͻ����
�ѧ��͸Ժ�µ��仹��
northern =
of or in the north
southern =
of or in the south
eastern =
of or in the east
western =
of or in the west
������ҧ
Chiang Mai is located in the northern region of
��§����������������Ҥ�ҧ��ҹ�˹�ͧ͢�������
The
library is in the eastern part of the building.
��ͧ��ش�������ǹ��ҹ���ѹ�͡�ͧ�Ҥ��
I
like the northern climate of
�ѹ�ͺ��Ҿ�ҡ�ȷҧ�Ҥ�˹�ͧ͢�������
��ӵ���͡����
����㹺���dz��ҹ���ѹ�͡��§�˹�ͧ͢��������Ѱ����ԡҵç���ᴹ�Ѻ
�����᤹Ҵ�
EXERCISE 3
Direction: Complete these sentences
with directional words ending in �ern.
1.
2.
3.
4. The state of
5.
region of the
6. The Grand Canyon is in the __________________ section of the
7.
_________________
area of the
8.
9. I really enjoy the flavor of the food from the Southwest. ______________
food is delicious.
10. People in the West have worn a special kind of boot for many years.
It�s called a
________________ boot.
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INDIRECT SPEECH : PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
- INDIRECT SPEECH ��͡�ù���ҤӾٴ�ͧ��������������ѹ�ѧ
- ����¤ Present perfect Progressive ����ö�������ҧ�� Indirect Speech �� �������ѡ�����
�ѧ���仹��
1. �������¹�ŧ�ͧ Tense
Present
perfect Progressive
����¹�� Past Perfect Progressive
1.1 To report statements ��������¹�Ӿٴ�����Ẻ�͡���Ҹ�����
said
/ told + Past Perfect Progressive
THAT noun-clause
1.2 To report yes/no question ��������¹�Ӿٴ����繻���¤�Ӷ��Ẻ�� ���������
asked + Past Perfect Progressive noun-clause ����鹵鹴��� IF / WHETHER
1.3 To report question-word questions ��������¹�Ӿٴ����繻���¤�Ӷ��Ẻ question-word
asked
+ Past Perfect Progressive noun-clause ����鹵鹴��� a question word
2. �������¹�ŧ��þ����ؤ��
����Ǥ����þ�������ɷ��˹������ͧ ��ͧ����¹�繺���ɷ�����
¡��鹼��ٴ�ӤӾٴ�ͧ���ͧ����������
������ҧ
(Direct) Bill: John has
been sleeping for an hour.
���칡��ѧ�͹��Ѻ���ѡ˹�觪����������
Jerry: What did Bill tell you?
��ź͡�س�������
(Indirect) Dave:
He told me that John had been sleeping for an
hour.
�Һ͡�ѹ��Ҩ��칡��ѧ�͹��Ѻ���ѡ˹�觪����������
(Direct) Helen: Pam, have
you been waiting for my boss outside?
�� �س���ѧ����ҹ�¢ͧ�ѹ�����ҧ�͡�����
Sarah: What did
Helen ask you?
���Ź����س�������
(Indirect) Pam: She asked
me if / whether I had been waiting for her boss outside.
�Ͷ���ѹ��ҩѹ���ѧ����ҹ�¢ͧ�������ҧ�͡�����
(Direct)
Andrew: Who have you been waiting for outside?
�س���ѧ���������ҧ�͡
Jerry: What did
Andrew ask you, Pam?
�͹���Ƕ���س�������
(Indirect)
Pam: He asked me who I had been waiting for outside?
�Ҷ���ѹ��ҩѹ���ѧ���������ҧ�͡
EXERCISE 4
Direction: Answer each question.
1. Jerry: The soccer team hasn�t been practicing regularly.
Kim: What did Jerry say about the soccer team?
John: He said that
________________________________________________________.
2. Sam: How long have you been living in
Ann: What did Sam
ask you?
Jim: He asked me
_______________________________________________________.
3. George: We�ve been loading supplies all day.
Ted: What did George tell
you?
Rick: _______________________________________________________________.
4. Dave: Has the captain been communicating with headquarters?
Alex: What did
Dave ask you?
Sam:
_________________________________________________________________.
5. Susan: Why have you been leaving late every day?
Paul:
What did you ask me?
Susan:
________________________________________________________________.
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VOCABULARY
- correspond (v.) =
to communicate by mail
= �Դ���������÷ҧ��ɳ���
- correspondence (n.) =
mailed communication
= ��õԴ���������÷ҧ��ɳ���
- direct (v.) = to guide; to show how to get somewhere
= ����
- go over =
to review
= ���ǹ
- fold (v.) =
to bend or turn something so that one part lies over another
= ��ǹ, �Ѻ
- zip code =
a number which is the part of an address and helps the post office
deliver the mail
= ������ɳ���
- transport (v.) =
to carry
= ����
- secondary (adj.) =
second in order or rank
= �ӴѺ��� 2
- by means of =
using; through the use of
= �����Ը�
- destination
(n.) = the place toward with one is going or sent
= �ش���»��·ҧ
- throughout (adv.) = from beginning to end
= �µ�ʹ
- distribute (v.) =
to give out; to spread
=
����ᨡ, ��˹���
- route (n.) =
way
=
��鹷ҧ
- endorse (v.) = to write your name on the back of a check
= ����ѡ��ѧ��
- previous (adj.) =
before
= �ѹ��͹,
��͹˹�ҹ��
- means (n.) =
a way of accomplishing something; method
=
�Ըա��
- run short of =
use almost all
=
����ͺ���
- look in on (v.) =
make a brief visit to
= ���������
- by way of =
via; through
= �觼�ҹ
- in the meantime =
during the same time
= ��������ǡѹ
- meanwhile (adv.) =
during the same time
= ��������ǡѹ
- converge (v.) =
to meet
= �Һ�è��ѹ
- track (n.) =
path or road made by vehicles,
people or animals
=
�ҧ�Թ���, ��鹷ҧ�Թ���
- intersect (v.) =
to cross
= (���) �Ѵ�ѹ, ���ѹ
- opposite
(adj.) =
across from
= �ç�ѹ����
- forward (adv.) =
moving towards the front
= �ç仢�ҧ˹��
- northeast (n.) =
the compass direction midway between north and east
= �ҧ���ѹ�͡��§�˹��
- southwest (n.) = the compass direction midway between south and
west
= �ҧ���ѹ����§��
- northwest (n.) =
the compass direction midway between north and west
= �ҧ���ѹ����§�˹��
- southeast (n.) =
the compass direction midway between south and east
= �ҧ���ѹ�͡��§��
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
EXERCISE 1
Direction: Select the best answer.
1. ___________
the test before you hand it in.
a.
Run short of b.
Go over c.
Converge
2. I didn�t talk to Jim last week; I talked to him the ____________ week.
a. secondary b.
opposite c.
previous
3. You must ____________ the check before you deposit it.
a. endorse b.
look in on c.
fold
4. The teacher ____________ the answer sheets before handing out the test.
a. contributed b.
corresponded c.
distributed
5. Policemen ____________ traffic in the busiest areas downtown.
a. fold b.
direct c.
converge
6. Parallel lines do not _____________.
a. endorse b.
transport c.
converge
7. Have you received any _____________ from your friend in the
a. intersection b.
means c.
correspondence
8. What�s the _____________ of the package?
a. destination b.
intersection c.
means
9. Don�t forget to put the ____________ on the envelope.
a. check b.
letter c.
zip code
10. I need to hurry. I�m _____________ time.
a. running short of b.
going over c.
distributing
11. Sam: Do these streets _____________?
Ivy: Yes, they cross just
south of the bridge.
a. converge b.
intersect c.
direct
12. Can you _____________ these announcements to your class?
a. transport b.
distribute c.
look in on
13. If you go _____________
a. forward b.
throughout c.
by way of
14. The mail is _____________ by truck and by plane.
a. transported b.
folded c.
gone over
15. If you change your ____________ to work, you will have more time to have
breakfast.
a. route b.
destination c.
distribution
16. Jack : Which part of
Fred:
The ____________.
a. northeast b.
southwest c.
southeast
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ANSWER KEY
GRAMMAR EXERCISE
EXERCISE 1
Direction: Select the word that best completes each sentence.
1. There was someone sitting ___________ every seat on the bus.
a. on b.
in c.
to d.
off
2. The dog ran ____________ the corner of the garage and disappeared.
a. inside b.
around c.
next to d.
beside
3. Put your shoes ____________ the closet.
a. toward b.
between c.
inside d.
around
4. Did you look ____________ the bed for your shoes?
a. under b.
toward c.
inside d.
down
5. Jim walked ____________ the candy store.
a. toward b.
between c.
within d.
off
6. Helen parked her car ___________ Jane�s car.
a. under b.
between c.
around d.
next to
7. Your office is ____________ Pam�s office and mine.
a. toward b.
around c.
between d.
inside
8. Come and sit ____________ me.
a. beside b.
past c.
between d.
to
9. She put her sneakers ____________ her chair.
a. between b.
over c.
beneath d.
to
10. The coffee is in the jar ____________ the fridge.
a. on top of b.
throughout c.
among d.
at
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EXERCISE 2
Direction: Complete the sentences using the
following words.
northward(s) eastward(s) southward(s) westward(s) upward(s)
downward(s) forward(s) backward(s) southeastward(s)
1. Early Americans moved to a westward
location.
2. Sonia moved eastward(s) from
3. The
4. We looked upward(s) to see the top of
5. George almost fell backward(s)
taking pictures at the
6. We drove southeastward(s) from Supanburi to Chonburi.
7. My family flew northward(s) from
8. Press the botton downward(s)
to operate the machine.
9. Move the car seat forward(s), please.
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EXERCISE 3
Direction: Complete these sentences
with directional words ending in �ern.
1.
2.
3.
4. The state of
5.
region of the
6. The Grand Canyon is in the southwestern section of the
7.
northwestern area of the
8.
9. I really enjoy the flavor of the food from the Southwest. Southwestern
food is delicious.
10. People in the West have worn a special kind of boot for many years.
It�s called a
western boot.
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EXERCISE 4
Direction: Answer each question.
1. Jerry: The soccer team hasn�t been practicing regularly.
Kim: What did Jerry say about the soccer team?
John: He said that
the soccer team hadn�t been practicing regularly.
2. Sam: How long have you been living in
Ann: What did Sam
ask you?
Jim: He asked me
how long I had been living in
3. George: We�ve been loading supplies all day.
Ted: What did George tell you?
Rick: He told
me that they had been loading supplies all day.
4. Dave: Has the captain been communicating with headquarters?
Alex: What did
Dave ask you?
Sam: He asked me whether / if the captain had been communicating with
headquarters.
5. Susan: Why have you been leaving late every day?
Paul:
What did you ask me?
Susan: I asked
you why you had been leaving late every day.
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VOCABULARY EXERCISE
EXERCISE 1
Direction: Select the best answer.
1. ___________ the test before you hand it in.
a.
Run short of b.
Go over c.
Converge
2. I didn�t talk to Jim last week; I talked to him the ____________ week.
a. secondary b.
opposite c.
previous
3. You must ____________ the check before you deposit it.
a. endorse b.
look in on c.
fold
4. The teacher ____________ the answer sheets before handing out the test.
a. contributed b.
corresponded c.
distributed
5. Policemen ____________ traffic in the busiest areas downtown.
a. fold b.
direct c.
converge
6. Parallel lines do not _____________.
a. endorse b.
transport c.
converge
7. Have you received any _____________ from your friend in the
a. intersection b.
means c.
correspondence
8. What�s the _____________ of the package?
a. destination b.
intersection c.
means
9. Don�t forget to put the ____________ on the envelope.
a. check b.
letter c.
zip code
10. I need to hurry. I�m _____________ time.
a. running short of b. going over c.
distributing
11. Sam: Do these streets _____________?
Ivy: Yes, they cross just
south of the bridge.
a. converge b.
intersect c.
direct
12. Can you _____________ these announcements to your class?
a. transport b.
distribute c.
look in on
13. If you go _____________
a. forward b.
throughout c.
by way of
14. The mail is _____________ by truck and by plane.
a. transported b.
folded c.
gone over
15. If you change your ____________ to work, you will have more time to
have breakfast.
a. route b.
destination c.
distribution
16. Jack : Which part of
Fred:
The ____________.
a. northeast b.
southwest c.
southeast
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